Servants insert soap between a horse's teeth to make it lose appetite, then bury needles in its hoof to create unexplained lameness.
This episode from Hans Gross's 19th century criminal investigation handbook details systematic fraud in horse and cattle trading, covering coded communication between dealers and employees, use of false buyers to create artificial demand, sabotage techniques to devalue animals, and cultural superstitions about hair marks in India that dealers exploit.

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A practical account of horse-dealing fraud, from hidden defects to the pressure placed on servants.

Here, horse-dealing fraud is treated as a working method, not a lone scam. Dealers lean on assistants, train grooms, and sometimes work through a buyer's own servants to keep defects out of sight and push a poor bargain through.

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A steady guide to how horse fraud is built from servants, staging, and small physical tricks.

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